Wellington Emergency Department ::Education Resources

4 Principals of Pathology

1. Apoptosis: Which statement is FALSE

1. may be pathological
2. may be physiological
3. the affected cell is typically enlarged
4. the nucleus becomes fragmented
5. the plasma membrane of the cell may remain intact

2. With regard to the process of atrophy: Which statement is FALSE

1. it may culminate in cell death
2. it may be physiological or pathological
3. damage to the nerves supplying a skeletal muscle will lead to rapid atrophy of the affected muscle
4. loss of oestrogen stimulation after menopause results
5. is associated with aging

3. With regards to hyperplasia: Which statement is FALSE

1. it may be defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
2. the liver is capable of undergoing hyperplasmic regeneration
3. where a tissue or organ is in a state of pathological hyperplasia, the growth control mechanism of the cell life is defective
4. endometrial hyperplasma is caused by a reliable or absolute increase in the amount of oestrogen
5. the myocardium is incapable of hyperplasia

4. With regards to hypertrophy: Which statement is FALSE

1. the increased size of the cell is due to the synthesis of the more structural components
2. cells capable of division respond to stress by undergoing hyperplasia, whilst non-dividing cells undergo hypertrophy
3. it may be physiological or pathological
4. the most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is increased workload
5. the growth of the uterus during pregnancy is as a result of hypertrophy and hyperplasia

5. Metaplasia: Which statement is FALSE

1. myositis ossificans is an example of a connective tissue metaplasia
2. Barret’s oesophagus involves metaplasia in the lower oesophagus from columner to squamous type epithelium
3. Metaplastic epithelium may go onto malignant change
4. the most common epithelial metaplasia is columner to squamous
5. in a metaplastic change, precursor stem cells differentiate along a new pathway